HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS FOR YOUR JOURNEY TO AFRICA

South Africa is known for its diverse ecosystems, including lush savannas and stunning coastlines, which unfortunately also harbor numerous mosquito-borne diseases. Here are some of the most common mosquito-borne illnesses in the region.

Malaria is prevalent in certain parts of SAfrica. It is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes and can cause flu-like symptoms, such as fever, chills, and body aches. Taking antimalarial medication before, during, and after your trip is essential for prevention.

Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. It can cause symptoms such as fever, joint pain, headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and rash. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure for Chikungunya, however in Canada is is only approved for individuals 18 years of age and older.

Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. It can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, rash, intense pain behind your eyes, nausea and vomiting, and muscle and bone pain. Although there are no specific vaccines available in Canada, prevention through mosquito bite avoidance is crucial. Use insect repellents, wear protective clothing, and stay in accommodations with air conditioning or screened windows.

Yellow fever is a potentially life-threatening disease prevalent in parts of Africa. It is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Initial symptoms can include fever, chills, severe headache, back pain, general body aches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue (feeling tired), and weakness. Severe symptoms include high fever, yellow skin or eyes (jaundice), bleeding, shock, and organ failure. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure for yellow fever. In some countries, the Yellow Fever vaccine is mandatory for entry. Find out more information here.

Zika virus gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential link to birth defects in babies born to infected mothers. It is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites. Symptoms include rash, fever, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise and headache. Pregnant women, and those planning to conceive, should take extra precautions and consider postponing their trip to areas with active Zika transmission.

In addition to mosquito-borne and food-borne diseases, there are other health risks to consider.

Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B is spread through blood and bodily fluids. For most people, hepatitis B is short term, also called acute. Acute hepatitis B lasts less than six months. But for others, the infection lasts more than six months and is called chronic. Chronic hepatitis B raises the risk of liver failure, liver cancer and serious scarring of the liver called cirrhosis. Vaccination is highly recommended for travelers as it provides lifelong protection against the disease.

Meningococcal meningitis is an infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord which causes swelling. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets. While the risk is generally low for most travelers, it may be recommended for certain individuals, such as those participating in large gatherings or visiting countries with increased incidence. It is an extremely serious infection and requires urgent hospital attention. Complications and death can happen very rapidly. The best way to prevent meningococcal disease is to get vaccinated. 

Rabies is an illness you get from an infection with the RABV virus. It causes symptoms like seizures, hallucinations and paralysis. The most common way to get rabies is through bat or dog bites. It can be a risk for travelers involved in outdoor activities or those visiting remote areas where contact with these animals are possible. Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for adventure travelers, cavers, or those who will be in close proximity to wildlife. Rabies is preventable if you’re vaccinated quickly after exposure. Once symptoms start, rabies is fatal.

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness that can cause severe complications, especially among vulnerable populations. Different countries have different transmission seasons. By getting vaccinated against seasonal influenza, you protect yourself and reduce the risk of spreading the virus to others.

If you plan to visit high-altitude regions such as Mount Kilimanjaro, be aware of the risk of altitude sickness. Ascend gradually, stay hydrated, and avoid excessive physical exertion to allow your body to acclimate properly. You can get a prescription called Diamox to prevent or lessen the symptoms related to mountain sickness in climbers attempting rapid ascent and in those experiencing mountain sickness despite gradual ascent

Africa boasts beautiful sunny destinations, but prolonged sun exposure can lead to sunburn and increase the risk of skin cancer. Protect yourself by wearing sunscreen with a high SPF, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses. If you are applying both sunscreen and insect repellent, apply them 30 minutes apart. Both are effective and safe when used separately, but if combined, problems can arise. Some studies showed a more than 30 percent reduction in SPF when they were applied at the same time. What’s more, sunscreens enhance absorption of insect repellent into the skin, potentially increasing toxicity — especially in children.

All routine vaccinations, including MMR, Tdap, and varicella should be up-to-date prior to travel.